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@non_burglar@lemmy.world is correct, but is perhaps not explaining it perfectly for the practical questions you seem to be asking.
If you have, say, two Docker containers for two different web servers (maybe one's for your Wiki, and the other is for your portfolio site), you can have both listening on ports 80 and 443 of their container, but a third Docker container running a reverse proxy which has access to your machine's ports 80 and 443. It then looks at the incoming request and decides which container to route the request to (e.g., http://192.168.1.2/wiki/%s requests go to the Wiki container, and all other requests go to portfolio site).
Now, reverse proxies can be run without Docker, but the isolation Docker adds makes it all a lot easier to manage, in part because you don't need to configure loads of different ports.
Ok, thanks, I was wondering how a container would get its own IP address. A reverse proxy makes way more sense.