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It's a mesh VPN using exclusively IPv6 addresses in the reserved
0200::/7range.By default a new node connects to nothing. You add other nodes explicitly, typically they'd be your own devices, but the network also maintains a few public nodes that are used to facilitate communications across the entire Yggdrasil network.
When a node is connected it raises a tunnel network interface and routes
0200::/7through it. With the usual caveats (it will pick up any service that binds to all interfaces etc.)Each node can act as relay to reach nodes that aren't directly connected – the network will compute the shortest path in that case – and this can be used to reach nodes behind CGNAT as long as there's a path that contains at least one publicly reachable node.
All connections are end-to-end encrypted with the keys of the two end-nodes involved in it, so the relay nodes cannot eavesdrop.
That's about it. Anything else (DNS, routing, firewalls) is the responsibility of each node.