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This happens every once in a while in history. The wealthy grow very wealthy and the poor realize they're being used and chop off a few heads or descend into lots of wars or whatever and then the cycle starts again. Don't worry it's not the end of humanity itself but it very often signals the end of an empire.
See: the feudal ages/french revolution or the end of the roman empire
That's not at all how Rome ended, though.
As far as I know, the only purely domestic peasant's uprisings that succeeded were the French and Russian ones. They're actually kind of exceptional events. Usually, it's struggles between different factions of elites (like with the slow balkanisation of Rome).
Edit: Haiti was a slave revolt, but I should probably include it.
Hm that's true. Rome had a lot going on towards the end and I can't pretend to be an expert, but certainly the elite's greed led to a financial crisis, and what I would consider to be a grave dehumanization of poor citizens (and the ongoing reliance on slaves) played a role. It didn't end the same way with a revolution, but the factors that led to its fall were all quite similar.
Rome didn't treat it's lower classes and actual slaves very well from the start, though. Nor did the rulers before them or the feudal splinter states after them. I've had an actual historian of Rome tell me point blank nobody has any idea why it started to decline. Historically, scholars have pointed at too much generosity with the privileges of citizenship and senatorial appointments of those from humble backgrounds.
I think it's fair to say that usually the peasants know they're being screwed. Very rarely, the aristocracy has been complacent enough it develops into an actual movement, but before the French revolution it always ends like the English peasant's revolt: it's crushed, and everything goes back to normal. It's kind of weird it's worked better since then, really.
(There was also more than one financial crisis in the Rome, but that's neither here nor there)