Programming

(Developer here) HTML, CSS and JS are always good to know anyway. For a video game, it depends if you want something really "video-game like" (in which case I advise to use a game engine the can be run in a browser, like Godot) or just an interactive interface with buttons, images and text.
For the latter, I would advise to use one the numerous JS frameworks (Solid, Svelte, Vue or whatever) but if you don't know JS at all, learning it from scratch could be good. Plus, you can make really pretty animations with CSS!
I know Go is a possibility for browsers, but I'm pretty sure it's not the best to make a game.

TLDR;

• You want a real video-game --> Godot
• You want a web interface --> SolidJS/Svelte (Both are good and easy to learn so the choice is yours) + CSS for animations

It's always worth to learn something new.

Typescript is actually a pretty nice language (under the circumstances), you'll almost certainly be able to derive some real value from having learned it (even if it in the end would turn out to not be the best choice for your game).

Yes, just do it.

Knowing another language is always good, and the best thing about JavaScript is that there is so much available source code to read out there. It'll be super easy to learn and you'll be shocked at how much you can do in pure JS. I once wrote a graphics editor that blew my item mind...

turning this into a webapp is a fine choice and if it's intended to run locally without sharing state with other players you can do this completly in browser with javascript no problem.

https://eloquentjavascript.net/ is a good book for learning js, that is freely available online.

Js/ts is fine to learn for those kind of games.