If I just say Pope, how are you gonna tell if I'm talking about the pope or Alexander Pope?
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They are titles not phrases, its correct grammar. Specifically, nouns that are names of places, titles, or something of the sort it helps to clarify that we are talking about The captain and not just a captain in general. Or we are going to The Mall (which probably translates colloquially to the one the speaker frequents) and not just any mall in general.
The devil’s name isn’t “Devil.” it’s Satan or Lucifer or Beelzebub, etc. The Pope’s name isn’t “Pope.” It’s Leo XIV or Robert Francis Prevos.
The holy spirit is a funny exception, since it doesn't have an actual name, but this still feels right, even there.
The sun and moon are other examples. Historically there's no reason to have a name for them, since they're the only one. Sol gets called Sol in some contexts now, and there's Luna, but that hasn't really caught on - it's usually "Earth's moon".
You can definitely talk about Popes plural, if you don't just mean the current one.
The Batman
And eth Joker!
Meth joker or colloquially Jared letos joker.
In Portuguese you put the equivalent of 'the" in front of people's names. (A Michelle or O Robert)
In some Catalan dialects you use a special determinate article just for people (en Robert, na Michelle), one for "common" things there could be many of (sa house, es car) and a third for things there's only one of (el Pope, la Reina).
Languages are fun!
Balearic Catalan has them all.
Not when you are a monolingual American living in Portugal trying to learn Portuguese. Lol
Portuguese is pretty tough. I just completed my B2 level class and I still can barely understand more than 40% of what Portuguese people say to me, and that's coming from a background of also having taken other languages in American high school. I have since determined that what we learned probably wasn't very functional, and much was probably just wrong, but we only had to pass tests, not actually understand a native speaker.
Technically, "the Holy Spirit" isn't a proper noun. That's because it contains an adjective also. Personally, I wouldn't capitalize any of those terms. The head of the Catholic church only really when talking about it as a title in front of the assumed name, Pope Leo. Somebody's style guide may have them capitalize all nouns with religious notoriety. That's a style choice then rather than grammatical necessity.
Also, grammar is the attempt at formulating rules about how people talk. Meaning the talking came first and then somebody tried to codify it. That means there is virtually no grammar rule that doesn't come with at least one exception. Learning when to use an article or not, when it should be the indefinite or the definite one, is killing students who come from languages that don't use articles at all. And in some cases also those who speak other article-infested languages. That's because it doesn't make any sense and you had to grow up being corrected by other speakers to get this mostly right. It is convention more than clean cut rules.
Technically, "the Holy Spirit" isn't a proper noun.
That's the spirit.