science

In a Congressional hearing on Wednesday, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) directly confronted anti-vaccine Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on his rejection of germ theory—the unquestionable scientific idea that specific pathogenic microbes cause specific diseases. After Kennedy defended his fringe view, Senator Bill Cassidy fact-checked and debunked Kennedy’s denialist arguments in real time.

The exchanges mark a rare instance in which Kennedy’s dismissal of germ theory has been raised in such a high-profile public setting, in this case, a hearing of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Kennedy, who has no background in science, medicine, or public health, is well known as an ardent anti-vaccine activist and peddler of conspiracy theories. But his startling rejection of a cornerstone theory in biomedical science has mostly been underreported.

As Ars Technica reported last year, Kennedy wrote about his germ theory denialism explicitly in his 2021 book The Real Anthony Fauci. In it, Kennedy maligns germ theory as a tool of pharmaceutical companies, scientists, and doctors to promote the use of modern medicines. Instead of accepting germ theory, Kennedy promotes a concept akin to the discarded terrain theory, in which diseases stem not from germs, but from imbalances in the body’s inner “terrain.” Those imbalances are claimed to be caused by poor nutrition and exposure to environmental toxins and stressors. (In his book, Kennedy erroneously labels this as “miasma theory,” but that is a different theory that suggests diseases derive from breathing bad air, vapors, or mists from decaying or corrupting matter. The idea was supplanted by germ theory, while terrain theory was never widely accepted.)

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Jane Ying Wu, who took her own life, was cleared of wrongdoing by the US National Institutes of Health. Her family alleges that her employer destroyed her career.

cross-posted from: https://hexbear.net/post/8318271

The new amphibian species, with the scientific name Gastrotheca mittaliiti, measures 2.7 to 3.3 centimeters (1 to 1.3 inches).

Scientists have discovered a new species of miniature marsupial frog in the Peruvian Amazon that carries its young in a natural pouch on its back, a research institute reported Wednesday.

The new amphibian species, with the scientific name Gastrotheca mittaliiti, measures 2.7 to 3.3 centimeters (1 to 1.3 inches) and was discovered in a mountainous ecosystem in the Amazonas region bordering Ecuador.

The frog is bright green and has small protuberances on its back. The number of specimens in the wild is not known.

Its pouch enables the marsupial frog to nurture its young rather than, as other frogs, rely on aquatic environments for egg development.

The study says the amphibian is at "high risk" because its habitat is suffering the effects of climate change and the impact of fires started by farmers clearing the region.

"This is further evidence of the enormous natural wealth we possess... If we continue our research, there are many species still waiting to be discovered," Manuel Oliva, director of the Ceja de Selva Research Institute for Sustainable Development, part of the Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza National University, told AFP.

The discovery was published in the New Zealand scientific journal Zootaxa and undertaken in collaboration with research departments at Florida International University and the University of Seville in Spain.

cross-posted from: https://hexbear.net/post/8318263

An Atlantic Forest treefrog, Aplastodiscus leucopygius, at the edge of a rocky forest stream in Brazil's Atlantic Forest, transitioning between aquatic and terrestrial environments. New research led by Penn State biologists found that amphibians in connected natural forests and aquatic habitats were more likely to host beneficial skin microbes that inhibit a deadly fungal pathogen. Credit: Shannon Buttimer, Penn State

Maintaining connections between natural habitats may support beneficial microbes that help wildlife defend against disease. In a new study of tropical amphibians, a team led by Penn State biologists found that amphibians in connected natural forests and aquatic habitats were more likely to host beneficial skin microbes that inhibit a deadly fungal pathogen. But when these habitats become spatially separated due to planted crops, infrastructure development or other human land use, those microbial defenses weaken and pathogen infection levels can increase with potentially deadly results.

The findings, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reveal a previously underappreciated link between landscape connectivity, beneficial microbes and disease resistance in wildlife, according to the researchers.

"Animals rely not only on their immune systems, but also on beneficial microbes that live on their bodies and help protect them from pathogens," said Gui Becker, associate professor of biology in the Eberly College of Science at Penn State and senior author of the study.

"Our results show that when natural habitats become disconnected, these microbial defenses can be disrupted."

The researchers explained that habitat loss and fragmentation are widely recognized as major drivers of biodiversity decline, but scientists are increasingly realizing that environmental change can also alter the microbiome—the community of microbes that live in and on animals and often play key roles in health and immunity.

A fragmented rainforest landscape in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Credit: Renato Martins

"Our study provides evidence that connectivity among habitats is essential for maintaining multiple levels of biodiversity, from host-associated bacteria with protective functions to their respective host species," said first author Daniel Medina, previously a postdoctoral scholar in Becker's lab at Penn State and currently a lecturer in tropical forest ecology and resource management at The School for Field Studies.

"It highlights a critical link between environmental disturbance, microbial defenses and disease dynamics."

To investigate the connection between habitat fragmentation and animal microbiomes, the researchers studied amphibian populations in Brazil's Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot that has experienced extensive habitat alteration. Many amphibians depend on both forest habitats and aquatic breeding sites, requiring them to move between these environments during different stages of their life cycle.

The researchers focused on a phenomenon that Becker—a member of the Penn State One Health Microbiome Center—previously coined as "habitat split," where natural forests and aquatic habitats become separated by agriculture, development or other land uses.

Across multiple frog species—collected from 40 sampling sites during the amphibian breeding season—the team found that animals living in landscapes with higher habitat split hosted fewer bacteria known to inhibit the deadly fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which has caused dramatic amphibian declines worldwide. In some species, infection levels of the fungus also increased as habitat split intensified.

"We showed such a link by indicating that spatial separation between critical habitats, such as natural forests and aquatic breeding sites, may impair amphibians' ability to recruit protective skin bacteria that defend against the fungus," Medina said.

Becker Lab researchers conducting fieldwork in Brazil's Atlantic forest. Credit: Augusto Gomes / João Marcos Rosa

The researchers propose that in intact landscapes, animals regularly encounter both environmental microbes and low levels of pathogens, which may help maintain microbial communities capable of suppressing disease. When natural habitats become disconnected, those ecological interactions can break down.

Although the study focused on amphibians, the researchers said the findings could extend to many other animals that depend on multiple habitats throughout their life cycles.

"These results suggest that connected landscapes allow animals to maintain microbiomes that are better equipped to fight pathogens," Becker said.

"Many species—from migratory birds to fish and large mammals—move among different habitats as they feed, breed or disperse. When those habitats become disconnected, it may not only affect movement but also alter how animals interact with beneficial microbes and pathogens."

Tropical treefrog Boana faber along an Atlantic Forest stream. Credit: Augusto Gomes / João Marcos Rosa

Restoring and maintaining ecological connectivity between multiple classes of natural environments could serve as a critical strategy not only for fostering genetic diversity in wildlife populations but also for supporting the natural microbial defenses that help them resist disease.

This could include habitat restoration strategies such as protecting riparian zones—vegetation-rich areas at the edges of bodies of water—and reconnecting riparian habitats to larger areas of natural terrestrial vegetation, according to Becker.

"Protecting habitat connectivity may help preserve multiple layers of biodiversity, from the animals we see to the microbial communities that help keep them healthy," Becker said.

TLDR: If the motor turns one way, they move in a straight line. If it turns the other way, they tumble. How do they hunt? They have chemical sensors.

Science paper: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.03824-24

A nuclear physicist and MIT professor fatally shot outside his Massachusetts residence. A retired Air Force general missing from his New Mexico home. An aerospace engineer who disappeared during a hike in Los Angeles.

These are among at least 10 individuals connected to sensitive US nuclear and aerospace research who have died or disappeared in recent years, prompting concerns whether they are connected and fueling speculation online about the possibility of nefarious activity.